The Anti-Hero and “Young Goodman Brown” - Literature Essay Samples

What draws masses of fans to midnight premiers of the Batman movies? What factor has made millions of people advent readers of Bruce Wayne, and other figures similar, such as the Punisher? They have no super powers, they must hide their identities from nearly all they come in contact with, and within their stories they are hated by most and feared by all. Even in classic literature, such as Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, the readers are inexplicably drawn to the title character in his quest, even though he actively converses with the shadowy figure of Lucifer himself. The main factor that makes these dark, dangerous men of action so appealing is that, above all else, they are human. They are real. We, as people all fall into sin and despair over and over again; that is what makes us human beings. We can identify with these darker, â€Å"real-life† vigilantes because we have been there before, even if it is not to the same level. Now, what do al l these fictional figures have in common? They valiantly fight to save others, to defend those who can’t defend themselves. And they also are dangerously close to becoming the very thing that they struggle againstnamely, the darkness. There is a reason that Batman is referred to as â€Å"the Dark Knight†, and that is because he uses his internal pain, his inner darkness, so to speak, as a weapon to defeat the enemies of good. He is a man tip-toeing the line between good and evil. The character of Goodman Brown is, like the Caped Crusader, a grand representation of the modern anti-hero. The dark hero is brought to this point by tragedy, he embraces the deep dark around him to strengthen him, and yet he still manages to hold on to enough good to keep him sane. First, what brings Brown to the very edge of darkness? The same which brings every man to the point of desperation: gut-wrenching tragedy. For Batman, it was losing his parents in his youth that spurred him on his way to becoming the world’s greatest detective. For Browne, it is the moment when he realizes that his Faith is attending that heathen ceremony. Brown cries out in despair when he see’s one of Faith’s pink ribbons drift down from above. â€Å"My Faith is gone!† (Hawthorne 392) cries a disillusioned Brown. This is the same man that just a few paragraphs before devoutly stated â€Å"With Heaven above, and Faith below, I will yet stand firm against the devil!† (391). The terms of â€Å"Faith† and â€Å"faith† are used almost interchangeably in the text. While one refers to Goodman Brown’s new wife (Faith) and the other refers to belief and pursuit of Christ, they are one and the same to Brown. He even says at the beginning of the story how he will â€Å"cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven† (387). The title character puts all his hope for salvation in his wife, even though at the beginning of the novel it is he who leaves her with a â€Å"present evil purpose† (387). He meets with Lucifer, but grows more and more resistant to him as they walk through the woods. Brown â€Å"genuinely wishes to escape the Devil’s snare† (Levy 1), and proves this by defending his family name and finally, after seeing Satan and goody Cloyse converse, he refuses to go on further. Again, he uses Faith as his rock, stating â€Å"Is that any reason why I should quit my Faith..?† (Hawthorne 390). Faith is everything and more to the protagonist, just as parents are everything and more to a young, dependent child. Now that his wife has walked down the broad path to destruction, Goodman Brown loses the one thing in his life that means the most to him. And it pushes him over the edge, as he becomes â€Å"maddened with despair† and begins the transformation into something more terrifying than the character of Satan himself. What gives Batman his power? What helps him defeat the vilest foe s of the criminal underworld, such as the Joker, Bane, and Two-Face? Yes, he possesses vast fortunes and technology, a brilliant mind, and a strong body, but Bruce Wayne’s true strength comes from his ability to harness the darkness and fear within him. In essence, Batman is the face of fear itself, and Goodman Brown becomes that way as well. After losing Faith, he became â€Å"the chief horror of the scene† (392), as he grapples the line between sanity and madness. He fiercely cries, â€Å"Come witch, come wizard, come Indian powwow, come devil himself! And here comes goodman Brown† (392). He understands that he has gone to the dark side, that he has become the very thing that Puritans are supposed to be against but he does not care. He even likens himself to the devil, saying â€Å"You may as well fear them as he fears you!† (392). Brown was no saint, as he began walking down the Devil’s path at the very beginning of the tale, however hesitant an d eventually defiant he became. But it was when he lost all hope, as discussed in the previous paragraph, that he became a â€Å"demoniac† speeding among the dark forest to the heathen ceremony. And there is no coincidence that the setting is a pitch black forest in the middle of the night. The forest represents â€Å"the deceit and darkness of man’s heart† (Soler 1). This is especially true of Brown’s heart after he loses Faith, when he succumbs to the darkness of the world, and takes up the devil’s staff. The woods are a terrifying place for a Puritan, full of dangers such as beasts and Indians. Yet, Brown throws himself recklessly through the forest. He descended down this route â€Å"with a disappearance of self† (Soler 1), and Brown indeed loses his own identity, becoming a monster. Sometimes, in order to best the darkness, it is necessary to become the darkness, to become the most terrifying thing imaginable. Right when all seems lost , for both the Caped Crusader and goodman Brown, there is something that brings them back from giving in fully to the darkness; it keeps them from plunging over the cliff’s edge beyond just the â€Å"essential iniquity of mankind† (Humma 425). All men are sinners at heart, but when a man caves in to the sin of all the world around him, it is unbelievably difficult to know when to draw the line. For Batman, it is his rule to never kill, no matter how vile the criminal. For Brown, it is the realization that his beloved Faith can be saved. Without that rule, Batman is the same as the street thug he fights against, and without Faith, Brown is, as said earlier, on the same level as Satan himself, trapped in â€Å"an unending cycle of misery† (McCabe 1), as he sadly finds himself in at the end of the story. After Brown does not see Faith in attendance, he comes back into his own as â€Å"hope came into his heart† (Hawthorne 393). He begins to realize that maybe he was afraid of nothing, as his beloved Faith is not among the heathen company at all. However, he has come to close to the fire, so to speak, and when the voice of the devil beckons, he comes forward to join the group, â€Å"by the sympathy of all that was wicked in his heart† (Hawthorne 393). Brown became evil to combat the evil that threatened his new wife, but he seems to have strayed too close to the edge of that dangerous cliff. When it is revealed that Faith is the other â€Å"convert†, he panics as they stand there. He calls out to his love, telling her to â€Å"Look up into Heaven and resist the Wicked One!† (Hawthorne 395). When he returns to the town after the actual or imagined nightmare, Brown has no faith left, as he walks by his wife without a second glance. He has lost the thing that he fought for: Faith, the one who he would cling to and follow to heaven. The goodman became a version of evil incarnate to save her, but he is too late. Because o f this, he is doomed to to dwell in a place â€Å"individuals can not trust themselves, their neighbors† (McCabe 1), and this â€Å"can not create an atmosphere where faith exists† (McCabe 1). Where Batman’s rule keeps him from crossing the line because it is always there, Brown lost the only reason why he went so far down that dark path of sin and devilry in the first place. He used the means, but received nothing but heartache and suffering in return. There is the real tragedy of this talethe man who literally did everything and more to save someone (or something) he loved and failed anyway. There is truly nothing new under the sun. The same reason why Batman is so popular today is why the title character of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† was and still is so popular, namely the dark, real-life hero aspect. These are men we can reach out and touch because they are so human. We all have struggles and we all have a dark side. The thing that all at once pulls us in and pushes us, as readers and movie-goers, away is the simple fact that Batman and Brown are not afraid to use this dark side for good. Whether it’s saving Gotham from the clutches of Mr. Freeze or the Penguin, or desperately attempting to rescue the love of someone’s life from damnation and the clutches of Satan himself, sometimes it is necessary to fight fire with fire, to wrestle with hell using the demons inside you. Works CitedHawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. 1835. Volume B: 1820-1865. Ed. Nina Bayum and Robert S. Levine. New York City: W.W. Norton and Co., 2012. 386-95. Print. Humma, John B. Young Goodman Brown and the Failure of Hawthornes Ambiguity. Colby Quarterly 9.8 (1971): 425-31. Colby Quarterly. Web. 21 Sept. 2013. . Levy, Leo B. The Problem of Faith in Young Goodman Brown.' Journal of English and Germanic Philology: 1-11. Rpt. in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Juliet Byington. Vol. 95. Detroit: Gale Group, 2007. 375-87. Print. Soler, Angie. The Journey Into the Puritan Heart: Nathaniel Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown.' Rev. of Young Goodman Brown. American Literature Research and Analysis. Ed. Jim Wohlpart. Florida Gulf Coast University, 1998. Web. 21 Sept. 2013. . McCabe, Michael E. The Consequences of Puritan Depravity and Distrust as Historical Context for Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown.' Rev. of Young Goodman Brown. American Literature Research and Analysis Web Site. Ed. Jim Wohlpart. Florida Gulf Coast University, 1998. Web. 21 Sept. 2013.

A Brief Note On Fracking And Its Effects On The World

Waterless Fracking: GasFrac For many years now, oil and gas have been harvested from deep beneath the Earth’s surface using thousands and millions of gallons of water, known as hydraulic fracking. Environmental critics have brought up issues with this type of fracking. The main being that while using these massive amounts of water every time a well is fracked, all the used water, when finished, is causing significant amounts of pollution. In response to the current criticism, engineers have developed waterless fracking operations, where propane gel, butane, and other liquid and gas alternatives are used to break the shale that is deep beneath the Earth’s surface. Even though this new water-free system does not use the massive amounts of water like its hydraulic counterpart, there are still critics saying that it has its own environmental impacts. Assessing these impacts and therefore the philosophical justifications for this sort of method provides support for its cont inued use. I : Background Though completely different approaches to fracking were introduced over the last decade, the thought and process of fracking isn t new. Within the oil and gas industries, fracking is any method that involves the forcing of many different substances into the fully grown to access oil or gas in the layers of sedimentary rock. While drilling is done vertically, fracking occurs horizontally (MacRae). Increasing need for access to natural gas and oil in this country and the belief thatShow MoreRelatedAt Some Point In Our Day Regardless Of Social Standing1731 Words   |  7 Pagesstill have a fair supply remaining. However, none the less even in a recent survey done by the institute for energy research, â€Å"they found the even in 2014 the demand for oil increase across the board by about 16 percent† (***). They also made sure to note that, this was even with all the energy conservation acts happening too, like the new drive for solar and wind power. The answer that could explain why we can see such a spike in resource consumption, can come down to simply looking at the earth’sRead MoreFinancial Management : Key Performance Metrics10327 Words   |  42 Pagesaffect the overall stock market (e.g. the Dow Jones Industrial Average) by specifically looking at same-day price reaction information. Comments include how the Federal Reserve’s consideration of actions on the federal funds rates causes a ripple effect throughout the markets, how the decline in the demand for high dollar goods invokes reaction, and how various economic reports weigh in on market reactions. Section 3 (which is also from the aforementioned compilation period from the Wall StreetRead MoreExxon Mobile Capstone40455 Words   |  162 Pages............................................................................ 83   GLOSSARY  OF  TERMS........................................................................................................................................... 108   END  NOTES...................................................................................................................................................... 110   iii 1. Wall  Street  Journal  Article  and  the  Executive  Summary   Wall  Street  Journal  Article

Do Professional Athletes Make Too Much Money - 998 Words

Do professional athletes make too much money? Neumann University Daniel Kilpatrick Every year players salaries reach new highs. Athletes are treated as celebrities in American society and idolized by young athletes. The kids who see what their favorite player is doing through the media also are being influenced by them. The example that professional athletes set is very important because they looked up to. The example that many athletes set is unfortunately a negative one. Most people think that athletes make too much money but there are those that believe they are paid fairly. The enormous amount of money that professional athletes receive is having a negative effect on kids today. Athletes should†¦show more content†¦The Sports Journal shows research that 1 in every 100 pre-adolescent children are currently taking steroids(Brainmac.co). Professional athletes need to make less money because their wealth and popularity have made athletes think they can do whatever they want. An NFL player by the name of Ray Lewis was charged with murder. He was able to hire some of the best lawyers money can buy and the Baltimore Ravens linebacker avoided murder charges and jail time by pleading guilty to a misdemeanor and testifying against two co-defendants(CNNSI.com).He pled guilty and only avoided murder charges because he testified against his coconspirators. There seems to be a double standard when it comes to athletes. Their money allows them to get away with things that normal citizens would not. The message this is sending to kids is that if they make enough money than they can do anything they want. It is clear that athletes should not make as much as they do. They are supposed to set a positive example for kids but they continue to reinforce negative actions in kids. Spots should not be like this. A player should not get aw ay with murder because he can buy the best lawyers and players should not be able to refuse to play because they receive a pay cut. 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Managerial Impact on Strategic Change-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Performance Imperative of old where Managers were expected to achieve their goals has been Intensified. Answer: With the current changes occurring in the business environment and consumer market, it is essential for all business organisation to implement organisational change in order to better sustain and survive in the market. The performance level of the employees also need to be enhanced, which will help them to respond immediately to the changes that are being implemented in the external business environment. Due to this change of environment in the business, the managers within an organisation has to enhance and improve upon their performance level in order to deal with the challenges and implement effective decision. There is also the pressure of performance imperative, where the experienced managers are given the responsibility to maximize the organisational performance with minimum amount of resources. In the given context, this essay will reflect upon the challenges that are encountered by the managers of the organisation to deal with business environment change and implement policy with minimum amount of resources. The essay will also highlight and analyse the performance that is required to implement hyper competitive strategies in the context of the current business environment. According to Shields et al., (2015), the managers and organisational leaders play the most important role in implementing organisational change, which is highly common in the context of today's globalised environment. The organisation faces different kind of challenges in the form of resistance from the stakeholders while implementing the process of change. Hence, there is no doubt about the fact that the manager within the organisation need to implement the change management plan and change management theory that is needed to remove the barriers that is obtained from the resistance of the employees. It is also important to note the given context that the managers also have to deal with new forms of resources in order to properly ensure the change is being implemented. Nevertheless, as mentioned by Kras et al., (2017), it is important to note that due to the excessive pressure of the business competitive environment the management of an organisation often enforces the manager to impl ement change with minimum amount of resources. One of the major issues that are encountered during the process of Change management is due to the fact that most of the employees have to incorporate themselves into the new style of work profile in order to perform better with the changing environment of business. This requires high level of training program that has to be incorporated by the managers. Hence, the managers have to decide and make plan about the training programs, which will require extra working hours. It is the duty of the managers of the leaders of the organisation to properly ensure that effective and quality training have been provided to the employees in order minimise the effects organisational conflict. Nevertheless, one of the major issue that are encountered in a context of the current business scenario is due to the fact that all organisations are aiming to minimise the expenditure level in order to increase the total volume of profit margin. This has been a major challenge for the leaders and managers of individual department. For example the manager of Human Resource Department has to ensure that we are able to get the best quality of labour in minimum salaries that are given to the Employees. In the given context it is highly challenging for the human resource manager to improve upon the working skill of the employees. Another major issue of the Human Resource Department during the time of Change management is due to the fact that most of the employees are not able to cope up with the excessive pressure of new working skills. Hence, there is an increase in the volume of employee turnover that has serious effect on the performance level of the organisation. Another important challenge for the managers of different department within the organisation is to implement new organisational structure that is common in the context of implementing change. It has been often reported that the manager of different department implement unethical work practice by terminating the old employees in order to bring about change in the overall organisational structure. This is mainly due to the fact that in most of the cases the organisations do not want to spend the extra cost and effort of providing training to the old employees, whom they consider might not have the capability to deal with the change and the new types of expertise that is needed to deal with new challenges. There are also the risks of organizational work conflict that can result due to the change incorporation as most of the senior employees may resist to the change that will occur with the acceptance of the new business environment. As per noted by Helfat and Martin (2015), the organisational manager has to deal with the excessive pressure of intensifying their performance level, in order to deal with the change. The information system of the organisation has to be modified, which will help to ensure that all the employees are properly informed before they are being implemented within the change practice. The pressure of implementing change is highly intense in context of the current day business environment. It has been often seen that managers have to change upon their leadership style in order to deal with the change that is being implemented in external business environment. The change of the leadership styles can also result within the disagreement with the workers at the junior levels. In many cases, the leaders may have to implement change without taking proper consent with the employees. This can thereby raise the risks of conflict. This can be another major challenges for the leaders, who may not get proper support from the junior employees. One of the major criteria for successful business organisation is the ability to implement change within a quick process of time. As per noted in the report of Plimmer (2015), one of the major features of successful multinational corporations is to bring about change within the organisation and structure and performance level of the employees. It is also highly challenging in the context of bringing change that requires high level of coordination within different departments of the organisation. According to the work of Mishra, Boynton and Mishra (2014), the change process is responsible for bringing about high level of stress within the managers. This can cause major mental health related issues for the mangers. In order to implement hyper competitive strategy, it is important for the organisation to rapidly improve upon their performance level in the changing business environment. The main purpose of hyper competitive strategy is to implement fast business and marketing plan in order to ensure that the Rivals do not get the opportunity to take the advantage of the opportunity that exist in the external market environment. From the context of the given situation I strongly believe that organisational change is one of the major cause of high level of stress within the managers and leaders of various departments. I do believe that it is quite obvious from the point of view for the management to expect high level of performance from the experienced managers. Moreover, in order to maximize the total volume of profit the business organisation of the current is expect the manager to implement maximum change and improvement in the performance level with minimum amount of resources. I do also believe that due to the effect of globalisation there is excessive pressure within the organisation about maintaining a level of competitive strategy and implement change within the business environment. I do believe in order to implement hyper competitive strategy it is essential for the business organisation to implement change within quick process of time. Hence it is quite of evident about the fact that the managers h ave to deal with excessive pressure. I also do need to mention about the fact that due to the current trend in the growth of global market in various sector, there are huge number of business organisations who are attempting to enter the Global market. In the context of the given environment it can be said that all business organisation has to deal with excessive pressure of dealing with the threats from external sources. The managers of an organisation also have to deal with the pressure of identifying the threats from the external sources. Proper contingency plan need to be implemented in order to neutralize all forms of threats. In the concluding note, it can be said that due to performance imperative of the current days, the managers have to face the pressure of the implementing change in the business environment. It is highly justified about the fact that due to lack of resources within the organization, the mangers have to face the extra challenges and pressure. The managers also have to incorporate new types of working skills and leadership that is believed to be increase the risk of organizational conflicts. References Helfat, C. E., Martin, J. A. (2015). Dynamic managerial capabilities: Review and assessment of managerial impact on strategic change. Journal of Management, 41(5), 1281-1312. DOI: 10.1177/0149206314561301 Kras, K. R., Rudes, D. S., Taxman, F. S. (2017). Managing up and down: community corrections middle managers role conflict and ambiguity during organizational change. Journal of Crime and Justice, 40(2), 173-187. DOI: 10.1080/0735648X.2015.1085889 Mishra, K., Boynton, L., Mishra, A. (2014). Driving employee engagement: The expanded role of internal communications. International Journal of Business Communication, 51(2), 183-202. DOI: 10.1177/2329488414525399 Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015). Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press.

The Inter Professional Practice In Social Work Social Work Essay Essay Example

The Inter Professional Practice In Social Work Social Work Essay Paper This essay will sketch and explicate why inter professional collaborative pattern in societal work is of import. It will besides analyze cardinal factors that help or impede effectual inter professional collaborative pattern. It will explicate why it is of import that professionals work together and efficaciously as a squad and the effects that can happen when professionals fail to join forces successfully. There has been a great trade of political and professional force per unit areas for the development of inter professional collaborative pattern. From the late 1990 s onwards there were huge sums of official paperss to advance the importance of collaborative working within the wellness and societal attention sector. The 1998 societal services White Paper Modernising Social Services ( DoH, 1998 ) and The NHS Plan ( 2000 ) devoted full chapters to the topic. It has been argued that inter professional working has advanced farther in relation to services for older people than it has in relation to kids and households. The Green Paper Every Child Matters ( DfES 2003 ) recognised this and one of the chief elements of this paper focused that improved coaction was required so as non to reiterate the tragic events of the Victoria Climbie instance ( this instance will be discussed in farther item later in the essay ) . Government acknowledgment suggests that many societal jobs can non be effica ciously addressed by any given administration moving in isolation from others. That is, when professionals work together efficaciously they provide a better service to the complex demands of the most vulnerable people in society. Inter professional collaborative pattern involves complex interactions between a scope of different professionals and is when professionals work together as a squad to make reciprocally negotiated ends through agreed programs. It is a partnership that can be defined as a formal understanding between the different professions who agree to work together in chase of common ends. Collaborative is defined as seting that partnership into operation or into pattern. It involves the different professions working together and utilizing their ain single accomplishments alternatively of working in opposite waies to run into the demands of peculiar service users. It is suggested that when societal workers and other professions work collaboratively the service user gets a better trade. Willing engagement ( Henneman et al, 1995, cited in Barrett et Al, 2005, p.19 ) and a high degree of motive ( Molyneux, 2001, cited in Barrett et Al, p.19 ) have been stated as critical facets of effectual inter professional coaction. We will write a custom essay sample on The Inter Professional Practice In Social Work Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Inter Professional Practice In Social Work Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Inter Professional Practice In Social Work Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Social workers have certain ethical duties to society that they must follow and this comes in the signifier of The British Association of Social Work ( BASW ) Code of Ethics and the National Occupational Standards for societal workers. The Code of Ethics follow five basic values, Human Dignity and Worth, Social Justice, Service to Humanity, Integrity and Competence whilst the National Occupational Standards outline the criterions of behavior and pattern to which all societal workers should adhere to. Whilst working in coaction with other professionals, societal workers should follow these Codes and Standards to guarantee that the best possible result is achieved for the service user. In the past inter professional collaborative pattern has been hard with many disadvantages and that this has caused jobs between the different professions involved. This has in the yesteryear led to catastrophic calamities as in the instance of Victoria Climbie. Shared answerability is of import for effectual coaction and all professionals should be accountable. Each profession should back up one another, non be seen as ego interested and that no one profession is higher than another. Some of the jobs that can happen are when there is non a logical distribution of power. Unequal power distribution can be oppressive ( Payne, 2000, cited in Barrett et Al, 2005, p.23 ) and can restrict engagement for some group members. Struggles for power are rooted in professional tradition and societal difference. It is believed by some critics of societal work that social workers have frequently been located in scenes where they were considered as subsidiary to other more established professional g roups ( Brewer and Lait, 1980, cited in Wilson et Al, 2008, p.401 ) . Traditionally there have been troubles within the medical profession and Cooke et Al, ( 2001, cited in Barrett et Al, 2005, p.23 ) suggests that general practicians felt threatened by a redistribution of power and had jobs allowing spells of their traditionally held power base . Social work in the yesteryear has been described as a semi profession and similar to nursing and instruction and non comparable to the learned profession of medical specialty or jurisprudence as it does non hold the needed characteristics of those professions ( Freidson 1994 ) . Payne ( 2000 cited in Barrett et Al, 2005, p.23 ) identifies this as people s capacity to acquire what they want . Power in inter professional collaborative pattern should be shared and distributed and no hierarchy of power should be. If some professionals see themselves as more powerful than another they are non run intoing the demands of the service user. Bei ng territorial and non sharing information and cognition has long been a job in inter professional collaborative pattern. Molyneux ( 2001, cited in Barrett et Al, 2005, p20 ) found that professionals who were confident in their ain function were able to work flexibly across professional boundaries without experiencing covetous or threatened . Professional maturity was an look used by Laidler ( 1991, cited in Barratt et Al, 2005, p.20 ) to depict professionals who were confident in their ain function to portion information and communicate efficaciously with other professionals. These professionals do non experience territorial about releasing their cognition and apprehension to farther enhance good inter professional collaborative pattern. Stapleton ( 1998, cited in Barrett et Al, 2005, p.20 ) suggests that a combination of personal and professional assurance enables persons to asseverate their ain positions and dispute the point of views of others . Open and honest communicating is a critical and likely one of the most of import facets of inter professional collaborative pattern. It requires professionals to take into history each other s positions, be respectful, dignified and to listen to each other without being extremely critical of one another. Constructive unfavorable judgment demands to be undertaken aboard constructive suggestions and encouragement and should take topographic point at a clip when other professionals are receptive. Active hearing is an of import accomplishment. To be able to recognize and react to what is being communicated is a cardinal accomplishment. Professionals working collaboratively should show this verbally and nonverbally to each other. This is greatly helped if all concerned put aside the typical stereotyping of each other s professions in order to hear and listen to what the talker is stating. Keeping good oculus contact and holding good organic structure linguistic communication is merely eve ry bit of import. It is estimated that about two-thirds of communicating is non-verbal, i.e. something is communicated through body linguistic communication by a organic structure motion, a position, an inflexion in the voice ( Birdwhistell, 1970, cited in Wilson, 2008, p.297 ) . A dislocation in communicating and the deficiency of sharing of information between the professions in the yesteryear have been major weaknesss in inter professional collaborative pattern for illustration in high profile kid protection enquiries and this has led to tragic effects. Effective systems of communicating and cognizing what information should be shared are indispensable non merely between the professions but besides between the service users. Trust, common regard and support are cardinal characteristics to bury professional collaborative pattern. Trust was highlighted by many professionals as one of the most of import factors in successful coaction. When trust is absent professionals may experience uncomfortable and insecure in their function and this in bend can take to defensive behavior to antagonize their insecurities. Stapleton ( 1998, cited in Barratt et Al, 2005, p.22 ) suggests that trust develops through repeated positive inter professional experience and develops bit by bit over a period of clip . Trust can non be gained overnight so it is of import for professionals working collaboratively to give one another clip for trust to develop. When professionals feel valued, they feel respected. This can be achieved by actively listening to each other and holding an penetration into one another s professions. Conflict between the professions can hold a immense impact on the different professionals and service users. Loxley ( 1997, cited in Barrett et Al, 2005, p.24 ) suggests that struggle is interwoven with collaborative pattern . To antagonize some of the jobs associated with struggle it may be good to all concerned to organize land regulations. These land regulations could travel some manner to forestall and assist the direction of struggle and could include ; unfastened treatment and the duty to be able to give each other honorable feedback. Most significantly these land regulations need to profit all parties involved. A great trade of accent is placed on societal workers to critically reflect their pattern. It literally means that societal workers reflect on their pattern before, during and after, believing through undertakings carefully. Other professionals may non make this in line with societal workers beliefs of critical contemplation or in the same manner or see that contemplation on their ain pattern is an of import facet of successful inter professional collaborative pattern. To exemplify the above points a pattern illustration will now be explained. The enquiry into the decease of 10 twelvemonth old Victoria Climbie highlights the black effects when communicating in inter professional collaborative pattern fails. This child decease instance was fraught with communicating dislocations across the scope of professionals associated with the instance. In Lord Laming s study ( 2003 ) he draws attending to and illustrates deficiency of communicating as one of the cardinal issues. Victoria Climbie was failed by a system that was put into topographic point to protect her. Professionals failed in this protection by non pass oning with each other or with Victoria herself. One of the unfavorable judgments in the Laming Report ( 2003 ) was that none of the professionals involved in the instance spoke to Victoria about her life or how she was experiencing and suggests that even basic service user engagement was absent. There was an chance which is highlighted in his s tudy that a societal worker missed an chance to pass on with Victoria by make up ones minding non to see or talk to her while she was in infirmary. It could be argued that if basic degrees of communicating with Victoria herself had been implemented, so more could hold been achieved to protect her. It was non merely a deficiency of communicating with Victoria herself but a deficiency of communicating between the professions that were investigated in the Laming Report ( 2003 ) . Communication is every bit of import between the service user and the different professional organic structures. Professionals are less effectual on their clients behalf if they can non pass on exactly and persuasively . ( Clark, 2000, cited in Trevithick, 2009, p.117 ) . For successful inter professional collaborative pattern to work a combination of personal and professional accomplishments are required, together with competent communications accomplishments to enable the different professions to dispute t he positions of others. Recommendation 37 of the Laming Report ( 2003 ) states The preparation of societal workers must fit them with the assurance to oppugn the sentiment of professionals in other bureaus when carry oning their ain appraisal of the demands of the kid . On at least one juncture, this did non go on when a societal worker did non dispute a medical statement which turned out to be professionally wrong which in bend led to the tragic eventual decease of Victoria. Had the societal worker challenged the medical sentiment in this case so it could be argued that more efficient communicating and less confusion in the instance may hold saved Victoria. Alan Milburn ( Hansard 28 January 2003, column 740, cited in Wilson et Al, 2008, p.474 ) , the so Secretary of State commented when presenting the Children Bill in the Commons that Victoria demands services that worked together and that down the old ages inquiry after enquiry has called for better communicating and better co-o rdination . Communication lies at the bosom of high quality and successful inter professional pattern and Victoria is merely one instance of when there is a deficiency of communicating between the professionals and the annihilating effects that can originate. In decision, successful inter professional collaborative pattern has many elements and all these different elements require that the different professions follow them. Although inter professional working pattern has been around for many old ages and is non new, it still needs to be continued, developed and incorporated into the day-to-day work of all professions. When wellness and societal attention professionals from different subjects genuinely understand each other s functions, duties and challenges, the potency of inter professional collaborative pattern could be to the full realised and many of the barriers alleviated, giving a more successful result to the service user.

Social Control and the Salem Witch Trials Research Paper Example

Social Control and the Salem Witch Trials Research Paper Example Social Control and the Salem Witch Trials Paper Social Control and the Salem Witch Trials Paper Essay Topic: Sociology In life, individuals form groups to obtain a desired good more effectively. This good typically cannot be produced individually, and this particular goods availability is generally limited outside the group. Thus, it seems that it is in an individuals best interest to remain a part of this group and work effectively with other members to produce their desired collective good. However, when members are faced with two opposing courses of action, one which will benefit their individual end and the other that will benefit the group collectively, there are always group members that will choose to pursue the individual end. Using the factors that affect group solidarity it is possible to explain why deviants sometimes pursue their own individual self-interest, and conversely, what causes some latent deviants to remain reputable group members committed to the solidarity of the group. In his book Principles of Group Solidarity, Michael Hechter lists several factors that effect group solidarity. According to Hechter, group solidarity can be defined as each group members willingness to contribute to the interest of the entire group, or the public. Within the group, solidarity varies for two main reasons; the extensiveness of each individuals obligations, and each individuals compliance with their obligations. Dissecting each of these reasons Hechter concludes that an individuals extensiveness of their group obligations will increase when each group member is dependent on one another to produce their desired good. Also, an individuals compliance with their group obligations will increase when the group is effectively monitored, and when sanctions are properly levied. Thus, according to Hechter, a group will exhibit solidarity when the members are interdependent on one another to produce their desired good, and an appropriate system of monitoring exists that yields sanctions to deviants. Nevertheless, group solidarity is only as strong as the group member most willing to deviate from their obligations to the group and pursue their own self-interest. Hechter explains that the rational egoist will choose the course of action that, given the information available to them and their ability to process it, they think will produce maximum utility. (Hechter, 30) If the rational egoist chooses to pursue an individual end, rather than the collective interest of the group, this decision could lead to the eventual downfall of the group. Given this account, one would be led to believe that at any time rational group members would deviate from the group in order to satisfy their own self-interests. But as we are about to see, the factors outlined earlier exist to prevent latent deviants from pursuing their individual end. Furthermore, there are some cases when it truly is in the best interest of the individual to pursue the end that will benefit the group collectively, because in turn they will benefit greater from that course of action. We will now look at several examples to show what factors influence the solidarity of a group. Initially, lets consider a rotating credit association, in which a group of individuals contribute to a common fund that is held by each individual for a certain length of time. In order to form such an organization, group solidarity must exist. Each member of the group must feel a sense of dependence on the other members to comply with their obligation to regularly contribute to the fund. Ordinarily, members of a rotating credit association know a great deal about each other; where each member lives, what each member does for a living, etc. Therefore, a high degree of visibility exists among the members, which serves to strengthen the efforts to monitor the group and sanction deviants. In addition, the notion of reputation in the group plays an important role; the individual serves to protect their familys good name by acting in a reputable manner. Yet, there always exists the risk that an individual (a rational egoist) will run off with the fund while it is their turn in the rotation to hold the money, thereby causing the group to collapse and leaving the others without access to credit. In this case, one can reason that deviation is less likely because each member of the group is highly interdependent on one another. Also, unless the deviant planned on completely disappearing from society he would have a hard time making future business transactions. Word of the deviants action would spread making it very unlikely for him to get involved with another credit association or business venture. Thus, remaining in good standing with the rotating credit association is in the best interest of the individual. Now lets turn to another example, insurance groups. We will focus on two such organizations, British friendly societies and American fraternal ethnic associations. In essence these groups were the first formalized insurance funds. Their main purpose was to offer payments to their members in the event of sickness, death, disability, a bad crop, or temporary layoff. In addition to their role as benefactors the insurance groups provided their members with other collective goods. The British friendly societies fostered a social environment in which their members would be able to have a release from their daily routine. The groups often staged their meetings in taverns, and held summer picnics and other such events for the members families. Similarly, the American fraternal ethnic associations provided a means for recent immigrants to stay in tune with their native culture through music, dance, and sporting events. Also, the ethnic associations offered educational and linguistic resources to assist their members with assimilating into their new environment in America. As one can see the benefits of being a part of an insurance group were immense. However, keeping the insurance fund solvent was an equally immense undertaking. There were myriad problems the fund could encounter. If everyone in the insurance group was about the same age depletion of the fund would occur at or around the same time period. Thus, the insurance group had to maintain a steady flow of new entrants to guard against future collapse. If one or a few individuals had sole control over the insurance fund, fraudulent members could embezzle and figure that nobody will notice. Thus, selection of trustworthy and upright officers was important in order to maintain the fund and safeguard against improper distribution. These two problems represent issues that required monitoring, and also sanctions if the situation warranted such action. In order for group solidarity to exist group members had to take a proactive role in the decision making process of issuing insurance benefits. Deviants could easily file a false claim, steal money from the fund, demand more money than they should, or even exhibit more careless behavior than they otherwise would without insurance (a phenomenon known as moral hazard). Yet, generally speaking, most insurance group members complied with their obligation to regularly contribute and enabled the insurance fund to persist. Using the examples drawn from Hechters book in the form of rotating credit associations and insurance groups one can distinguish what factors affect some deviants to pursue their own individual self-interest. If an individual in a group feels as though the extensiveness of their obligations is too comprehensive they will no longer comply with the groups rules. The deviant may decide to free-ride, in which he collects the groups collective good without contributing. The deviant may leave himself open for an unfavorable response from other group members, which will eventually result in sanctions or removal from the group. The deviant may also decide to steal, or embezzle from the group, thereby solidifying their expulsion. The deviant may even decide to start a rival or competing group with more favorable conditions. Conversely, other factors cause individuals to remain reputable group members committed to the solidarity of the group. Basing this on rational choice theory it may be the case that an individual group members self-interest parallels the collective interest of the group. In this situation the individual is acting as a rational egoist in remaining aligned with the goals of the group. Pursuing the collective interest of the group maximizes the individuals utility. Undoubtedly, this is the major reason individuals form groups in the first place, to collectively obtain a desired good more effectively. Additionally, other factors including maintaining a good reputation in the community, and fear of sanctions, guide some latent deviants to pursue the collective interest of the group. They are better off as part the group. Going against the group will only serve to subject these individuals to undue hardship and ill-feelings from people whom they share common interests with. However, without some sort of social control or peer pressure, it is likely to assume that more deviation from the pursuit of the collective good would exist. This notion is exhibited through Arthur Millers portrayal of the Salem witch trials in the movie The Crucible. For our analysis we will consider Salem, Massachusetts, a community that exhibited group solidarity. The entire town worked together to maintain a certain standard of living for their families. Salem had a carpenter, blacksmith, minister, sheriff, several farmers, and servants, all who worked together to produce a collective good for the community; a comfortable standard of living. Despite the groups interdependence on one another, the system began to fall apart in the face of a crisis. When members of the community were faced with two opposing courses of action regarding communication with the devil, some chose to pursue their individual end, while others chose to pursue the course of action that benefited the group collectively. The predominant reason that allowed such a large faction to pursue their individual end revolves around the courts decision to believe Abigail Williams and her crew. By and large, these girls did not contribute to the welfare of the community; they acted as free-riders. For the girls, non-compliance with the groups obligations was easy. They were rarely monitored, and stringent sanctions could result in their families acquiring a reputation for producing deviants. Thus, most conflicts were pushed under the table or out of sight, to save face in the community. Furthermore, even the court failed to follow proper procedure. The trial consisted of the accused either agreeing to prior communication with the devil, or denying the accusation and facing the consequence of death. There was no middle ground, no logical though process, the girls had created hysteria in Salem. Several group members were hung based on the whimsical testimony of a group of deviants. Not surprisingly, Abigail and the girls initially picked on the group members with the lowest levels of status in the community including, beggars and peasants. By establishing their accusations on these unfavorable group members the girls were able to create a snowball effect, in which more and more people began to believe that certain members did in fact participate in communication with the devil. Before too long the girls were in too deep to ever admit guilt. In turn, they created their own group, with their own interdependence rested solely on the premise of not getting caught. At this point a traitor from within would result in death for them all. When Mary Warren, under the supervision of John Proctor, attempted to rectify the girls wrongs, Abigail led a flamboyant reprisal which made Mary Warren look like she had lost her mind. Eventually, once Abigail realized these trials could not persist indefinitely she decided to flee Salem and deviate from yet another group. During her rampage in Salem, Abigails relentless pursuit of her own individual end transformed the culture of the community. While Abigail and her crew of deviants broke down the community, others including John Proctor, and Reverend Hale gave their all to pursue the collective end most beneficial to the solidarity of the group. If we look back on Hechters factors that affect group solidarity (the extensiveness of each individuals obligations, and each individuals compliance with their obligations), we can see why these individuals fostered the collective interest of the group. Proctor, despite his relations with Abigail, represented the community member who looked out for the well-being of his group members. Proctor understood that interdependence of the group, and maintaining a good reputation for his family, would benefit the community and his family in the long run. When faced with the ultimate question, death with dignity or life with disgrace, Proctor chose the course of action that would eliminate these problems for Salem in the future. He took the ultimate sacrifice for the good of the community. Similar to Proctors course of action, Reverend Hale, realized that something must be done to suppress the deviants from creating any further problems. Having prior experience in uncovering witchcraft, Reverend Hale was initially called in to assess the situation and if the need existed, eradicate the devil from Salem. Unexpectedly, once he had a chance to fully analyze the situation it became clear that the girls who were allegedly suffering from witchcraft were the source of the problem. In an effort to comply with his obligations to Salem, Reverend Hale urged Judge Danforth to see beyond the girls deviant actions. He knew John Proctor was telling the truth, he knew Abigail was lying when she alleged Elizabeth Proctors spirit stabbed a needle in her abdomen, he knew the situation in Salem was out of control. Individuals were being put to death and Reverend Hale was trying his hardest to correct the situation. Relating John Proctors and Reverend Hales actions to Hechters reasoning, one would conclude that as the Salem witch trials progressed the extensiveness of their obligations to the community increased. These two men realized that the welfare of the community rested on their shoulders. In order for Salem to remain solvent in the years to come, free from the grips of the deviants who preached witchcraft, John Proctor needed to stand up against Judge Danforth and set an example. To John Proctor, his strong personal ties within the group, the cost of moving away from Salem, and the value he placed on his familys good name, were stronger than life itself. To Reverend Hale, the pursuit to benefit the collective welfare of Salem, his original mission, was of the utmost importance. As we have now seen through several examples, group solidarity varies for two main reasons; the extensiveness of each individuals obligations, and each individuals compliance with their obligations. When group members are faced with two opposing courses of action, one which will benefit their individual end and the other that will benefit the group collectively, the individual subliminally considers each variant and chooses a course of action. Based on factors including, the interdependence of the group, the visibility of each group member, the probability of getting caught (monitoring), and the probability of facing a sanction, the rational egoist choose[s] the course of action that they think will produce maximum utility. (Hechter, 30) Hence, in each group there exist members who will always be more inclined to deviate than others. The degrees to which these factors are employed within the group determine the actual level of deviation from the pursuit of the collective interest of the group. I am particularly happy with the way that I make sure each topic/example relates to the thesis and gives examples to substantiate the claim. As far as Im concerned the paper flows well from one thought to another. I didnt necessarily have any trouble writing the paper, although there were times when I did not think that I would be able to reach about 9 pages. Based on my outline, I figured Id have to cut down, or simplify the paper, but that proved not to be the case.

Sony Corp. Final Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Sony Corp. Final Report - Research Paper Example The management believe that the strategy implementation would further reduce costs by more than ?300 billion. Nevertheless, Sony should pay particular attention in improving its long term solvency position given that its liquidity ratio is currently below the industry average and it poses a risk that it might not be able to meet its current obligations in an event of emergency even though inventories are not liquidated. (Annual Report, 2009-2010) The debt-to-worth ratio expresses the extent to which the business is relying on debt financing as opposed to shareholders funds (Albrecht, 2004). The increase in debt-to-worth ratio from 2.62 in 2008 to 3.05 and 3.34 in 2009 and 2010 respectively display that Sony is gradually increasing its reliance on debt financing mainly to fund the innovation required for the business growth. The Group’s financial risk position is increased as reflected by the total debt position of the Group. The total debt in 2008 as at balance sheet amounted to ?1,084 million, ?1,111 million in 2009 and ?1,209 million in 2010. (Annual Report, 2009-2010) The debt-to-worth ratios for 2008, 2009 and 2010 which are higher than the industry average further lay emphasis that Sony is currently at a highly leverage position as compared to its competitors. It would pose a threat to its financial safety and flexibility to borrow in the future if the trends continue. Moreover, there might be debt covenants which the Group is obliged to comply and it is critical that the Group monitors them tightly as non-compliance cause breaches in contract and immediate repayment is required. Gross Profit Margin shows a decrease from 2008 (23.1%) to 2009 (19.7%) mainly caused by the challenging economic environment hit by the global financial crisis and the negative impact driven by the appreciation of the yen against U.S dollar and Euro. There is an overall decline of sales in the Electronic, Game, Pictures and Financial Services businesses. Sales in the Electr onic business declined 17% from ?6,613 billion to ?5,488 billion as there is a low demand for products such as the Handy cam video cameras, Cyber-shot compact digital cameras and VAIO PCs. Additionally, Sony has exited its business in LCD rear-projection televisions and CRT televisions during the year. The drop in sales in the Game business from ?1,284 billion to ?1,053 billion is mainly contributed by the decrease in revenue in its PS2 business while motion pictures revenue were down by 16.4% from ?858 billion to ?718 billion primarily driven by lower home entertainment demand and fewer films being sold to the home entertainment market. Financial Services revenue dropped 7.4% from ?581 billion to ?538 billion due to profit deterioration at Sony Life caused by the net valuation loss of convertible bonds and increase in impairment loss on equity securities. However, in 2010, the gross profit margin has improved considerably recording a margin of 22.9% subsequent to restructuring meas ures and cost reduction activities implemented. The restructuring consists of three horizontal platforms – the Global Sales and Marketing Platform, the Manufacturing, Logistics, Procurement and Customer Service Platform and the Research and Development and Common Software Platform aim to achieve cost efficiencies,